Medical Term for Drawing Away From the Median Plane

Terms describing animal motility

"Extorsion" redirects here. Not to be confused with Extortion.

Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified gear up of terms to draw most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes.

In general, move is classified co-ordinate to the anatomical plane it occurs in. Flexion and extension are examples of angular motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. Rotational motility may occur at other joints, for instance the shoulder, and are described as internal or external. Other terms, such as elevation and low, describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from Latin terms with the same pregnant.

Classification [edit]

Motions are classified later the anatomical planes they occur in,^[1] although movement is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes.^[two] Motions tin exist split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved:

• Gliding motions occur between flat surfaces, such every bit in the intervertebral discs or between the carpal bones of the wrist, and the metacarpal bones of the hand.^[ane]
• Angular motions occur over synovial joints and causes them to either increase or decrease angles betwixt bones.^[1]
• Rotational motions motility a construction in a rotational motion forth a longitudinal axis, such as turning the head to await to either side.^[3]

Apart from this motions tin also be divided into:

• Linear motions (or translatory motions), which move in a line between two points. Rectilinear motion is motility in a straight line between two points, whereas curvilinear motion is motility post-obit a curved path.^[ii]
• Angular motions (or rotary motions) occur when an object is effectually another object increasing or decreasing the angle. The unlike parts of the object do not movement the aforementioned altitude. Examples include a movement of the articulatio genus, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle.^[ii]

The study of move in the human torso is known as kinesiology.^[4] A categoric list of movements and the muscles involved can exist found at listing of movements of the homo trunk.

Aberrant motility [edit]

The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in hypermobility, hyperflexion or hyperextension. The range of motility describes the total range of motility that a joint is able to do. ^[5] For example, if a function of the body such equally a joint is overstretched or "aptitude backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it tin exist described as hyperextended. Hyperextension increases the stress on the ligaments of a articulation, and is not e'er because of a voluntary move. Information technology may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. Information technology may besides be used in surgery, such every bit in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures. ^[6] Or it may be used as a pain compliance method to force a person to take a certain action, such every bit assuasive a police force officer to accept him into custody.

Full general motion [edit]

These are general terms that tin be used to describe virtually movements the body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, then are treated in pairs.^[7]

Flexion and extension [edit]

Flexion and extension describe movements that bear upon the angle between two parts of the trunk. These terms come from the Latin words with the same pregnant.^[a]

Flexion describes a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.^[9] For instance, bending the elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint tin can move frontwards and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is move in the inductive direction.^[ten] When the chin is confronting the chest, the neck is flexed, and the body is flexed when a person leans forward.^[x] Flexion of the shoulder or hip is move of the arm or leg forrard.^[11]

Extension is the reverse of flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.^[12] For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move frontward and backward, such equally the cervix and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction.^[10] Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward.^[11] Fifty-fifty for other upper extremity joints - elbow and wrist, movement behind results in extension. Except for knee, talocrural joint, and wrist, where the distal end has to movement in the anterior direction for it to be called extension.^[13]

With regard to the toes, flexion ways curling them downwards whereas extension means uncurling them or raising them upward.^[14]

Abduction and adduction [edit]

Abduction is the motility of a structure away from the midline while adduction refers to motion towards the center of the torso.^[15] The center of the body is defined equally the midsagittal or longitudinal plane.^[3] These terms come from Latin words with similar meanings, ab- beingness the Latin prefix indicating "abroad," advertising- indicating "toward," and ducere significant "to depict or pull".^[b]

Abduction is a motion that pulls a structure or office away from the midline of the body, carried out past one or more abductor muscles. In the example of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the manus or human foot.^[fifteen] For case, raising the artillery upwards, such as when tightrope-walking, is an case of abduction at the shoulder.^[11] When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split, the legs are abducted at the hip.^[3]

Adduction is a movement that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb, carried out by one or more adductor muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Dropping the arms to the sides, and bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction.^[15]

Adduction of the wrist is also known every bit ulnar deviation which moves the hand towards the ulnar styloid (or, towards the little finger). Abduction of the wrist is likewise called radial deviation which moves the hand moving towards the radial styloid (or, towards the thumb).^{[xv] [17]}

Elevation and depression [edit]

The terms elevation and low refer to movement above and below the horizontal. They derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings^[c]

Summit is movement in a superior direction.^[nineteen] For instance, shrugging is an example of height of the scapula. ^[20]

Depression is movement in an junior management, the contrary of elevation.^[21]

Rotation [edit]

Rotation of torso parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the centre of the body.^[22]

Internal rotation (medial rotation or intorsion) is rotation towards the axis of the body,^[22] carried out by internal rotators.

External rotation (lateral rotation or extorsion) is rotation away from the heart of the body,^[22] carried out past external rotators.

Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff, a group of muscles that help to stabilize the shoulder joint.

• 

  Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation.

• 

  Rotating the arm closer to the trunk is internal rotation.

Other [edit]

• Anterograde and retrograde period refer to movement of claret or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or aberrant (retrograde) management.^[23]
• Circumduction is a conical move of a body function, such every bit a brawl and socket joint or the heart. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such equally the hip and shoulder, merely may also be performed past other parts of the body such equally fingers, hands, feet, and head.^[24] For instance, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in lawn tennis or bowling a cricket ball. ^[25]
• Reduction is a motion returning a bone to its original state,^[26] such as a shoulder reduction following shoulder dislocation, or reduction of a hernia.

• 

  The swinging activeness made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction

Special motion [edit]

Easily and anxiety [edit]

Flexion and extension of the human foot [edit]

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or flexion of the pes at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the pes, which is the upper surface of the pes when continuing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. These terms are used to resolve confusion, every bit technically extension of the joint is dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive every bit the motion reduces the angle between the pes and the leg.^[27]

Dorsiflexion is where the toes are brought closer to the shin. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.^[28] For example, when walking on the heels the talocrural joint is described as beingness in dorsiflexion.^[27]

Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the motility which decreases the bending between the sole of the foot and the dorsum of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on tiptoes.^[27]

• 

  A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the anxiety

• 

  Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot

Flexion and extension of the hand [edit]

Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to motility of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the manus at the wrist.^[29] These terms refer to flexion between the manus and the body'south dorsal surface, which in anatomical position is considered the back of the arm; and flexion between the mitt and the trunk'south palmar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm.^[30] The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot considering of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions.^[ten]

Palmarflexion is flexion of the wrist towards the palm and ventral side of forearm.^[29]

Dorsiflexion is hyperextension of the wrist articulation, towards the dorsal side of forearm.^[29]

Pronation and supination [edit]

Pronation and supination refer generally to the prone (facing down) or supine (facing up) positions. In the extremities, they refer to rotation of the forearm or foot and so that in the standard anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly when in supination and posteriorly when in pronation.^[31] Equally an example, when a person is typing on a computer keyboard, their hands are pronated; when washing their confront, they are supinated.

Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned and then the thumbs point towards the trunk. When the forearm and mitt are supinated, the thumbs indicate away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the pes.^[32]

Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge.^[33]

• 

  Supination and pronation of the foot

• 

  Supination and pronation of the arm

Inversion and eversion [edit]

Inversion and eversion refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.^[34]

Eversion is the motion of the sole of the pes away from the median plane.^[35] Inversion is the motion of the sole towards the median plane. For case, inversion describes the motility when an ankle is twisted.^[28]

• 

  Example showing inversion and eversion of the pes

• 

  Eversion of the right foot

• 

  Inversion of the correct pes

Eyes [edit]

Unique terminology is too used to describe the eye. For example:

• A version is an eye movement involving both eyes moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction.^[36]
• Torsion is heart motility that affects the vertical axis of the eye,^[37] such as the movement fabricated when looking in to the nose.

Jaw and teeth [edit]

• Occlusion is motility of the mandibula towards the maxilla making contact between the teeth.^[38]
• Protrusion and retrusion are sometimes used to describe the anterior (protrusion) and posterior (retrusion) movement of the jaw.^[39]

• 

  Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.

• 

  Elevation and depression of the jaw.

Other [edit]

Other terms include:

• Nutation and counternutation ^[d] refer to movement of the sacrum divers by the rotation of the promontory downwards and anteriorly, as with lumbar extension (nutation); or up and posteriorly, every bit with lumbar flexion (counternutation).^[41]
• Opposition is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers.^[42]
• Protraction and Retraction refer to an inductive (protraction) or posterior (retraction) movement,^[43] such as of the arm at the shoulders, although these terms have been criticised as non-specific.^[44]
• Reciprocal motion is alternating motions in opposing directions.^[45]
• Reposition is restoring an object to its natural status.^[46]

• 

  Nutation at left, counternutation at correct

• 

  An example of opposition

• 

  Instance of opposition of the thumb and index finger

Come across too [edit]

• Anatomical terms of location
• Anatomical terms of muscle
• Anatomical terms of bone
• Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "to stretch out" (Latin: extendere), "to bend" (Latin: flectere) ^[8]
2. ^ "to bring in" (Latin: adductere), "to lead away" Latin: abducere ^[sixteen]
3. ^ "press downwardly" (Latin: deprimere), "to enhance" (Latin: elevare)^[eighteen]
4. ^ "to nod" (Latin: Nutare)^[xl]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Marieb 2010, p. 212.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Lippert 2011, pp. 6–seven.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Kendall 2005, p. 57.
4. ^ Lippert 2011, pp. 1–seven.
5. ^ Kendall 2005, p. M-4.
6. ^ Seeley 1998, p. 229.
7. ^ "Anatomy & Physiology". Openstax college at Connexions. Retrieved November xvi, 2013.
8. ^ OED 1989, "flexion", "extension".
9. ^ OED 1989, "flexion".
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Kendall 2005, p. 56.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Melt 2012, pp. 180–193.
12. ^ OED 1989, "extension".
13. ^ Muscles : testing and function with posture and pain. Florence Peterson Kendall, Florence Peterson Kendall (fifth ed.). Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN0-7817-4780-5. OCLC 57465440. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
14. ^ Platzer 2004, p. 258.
15. ^ ^{a b c d} Swartz 2010, pp. 590–591.
16. ^ OED 1989, "adduction", "abduction", "abduct".
17. ^ See: for appropriate image
18. ^ OED 1989.
19. ^ OED 1989, "meridian".
20. ^ Kendall 2005, p. 303.
21. ^ OED 1989, "depression".
22. ^ ^{a b c} Swartz 2010, pp. 590–1.
23. ^ OED 1989, "anterograde", "retrograde".
24. ^ Saladin 2010, p. 300.
25. ^ Kendall 2005, p. 304.
26. ^ Taber 2001, "reduction".
27. ^ ^{a b c} Kendall 2005, p. 371.
28. ^ ^{a b} Kyung 2005, p. 123.
29. ^ ^{a b c} Swartz 2010, pp. 591–593.
30. ^ OED 1989, "palmarflexion", "dorsiflexion".
31. ^ Swartz 2010, pp. 591–592.
32. ^ OED 1989, "pronation".
33. ^ OED 1989, "supination".
34. ^ Swartz 2010, p. 591.
35. ^ Kyung 2005, p. 108.
36. ^ DMD 2012, "version".
37. ^ Taber 2001, "torsion".
38. ^ Taber 2001, "apoplexy".
39. ^ Taber 2001, "protrusion", "retrusion".
40. ^ OED 1989, "nutation".
41. ^ Houglum 2012, p. 333.
42. ^ Taber 2001, "opposition".
43. ^ OED 1989, "protraction", "retraction".
44. ^ Kendall 2005, p. 302.
45. ^ Taber 2001, "reciprocation".
46. ^ OED 1989, "resposition".

Sources [edit]

• Albert, Daniel (2012). Dorland'southward Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN978-1416062578.
• Chung, Kyung Won (2005). Gross Beefcake (Board Review). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN0-7817-5309-0.
• Melt, Chad E. (2012). Orthopedic Transmission Therapy: An Evidence Based Arroyo (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. ISBN978-0-xiii-802173-3.
• Houglum, Peggy A.; Bertoli, Dolores B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. F. A. Davis Company. ISBN978-0-8036-2352-1.
• Kendall, Florence Peterson; et al. (2005). Muscles : testing and part with posture and pain (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN0-7817-4780-5.
• Lippert, Lynn S. (2011). Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy (5th ed.). F. A. Davis Company. ISBN978-0-8036-2363-7.
• Marieb, Elaine N.; Wilhelm, Patricia B.; Mallat, Jon (2010). Human being Anatomy. Pearson. ISBN978-0-321-61611-ane.
• Platzer, Werner (2004). Colour Atlas of Human being Beefcake, Vol. ane: Locomotor Arrangement (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN3-xiii-533305-i.
• Saladin, Kenneth Due south. (2010). Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Grade and Function (5th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN978-0077361358.
• Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip (1998). Anatomy & Physiology (fourth ed.). WCB/McGraw-Hill. ISBN0-697-41107-ix.
• Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmung (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN9780198611868.
• Swartz, Mark H. (2010). Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination (6th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN978-1-4160-6203-v.
• Venes, Donald; Thomas, Clayton L., eds. (2001). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Lexicon (illustrated in full color 19th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. ISBN0-8036-0655-9.

External links [edit]

• Hypermuscle: Muscles in Action at med.umich.edu

warrentheach.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#:~:text=Abduction%20and%20adduction,-See%20also%3A%20List&text=Abduction%20is%20a%20motion%20that,one%20or%20more%20abductor%20muscles.

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